The degree was popularized in
the 19th century at the Friedrich Wilhelm
University in Berlin as a degree to be granted
to someone who had undertaken original research
in the sciences or humanities. From there
it spread to the United States, arriving at
Yale University in 1861, and then to the United
Kingdom in 1921. This displaced the existing
Doctor of Philosophy degree in some Universities;
for instance, the D.Phil. at the University
of St Andrews was discontinued and replaced
with the Ph.D. (research doctorate). However,
some UK universities such as Oxford, York
and Sussex retain the D.Phil. appellation
for their research degrees, as does the University
of Waikato in New Zealand.Some ability to
carry out original research must be documented
by producing a dissertation or thesis, often
of substantial length. The degree and title
"doctor" is often a prerequisite
for permanent (or nearly permanent) employment
as a university lecturer or as a researcher
in some sciences, though this varies on a
regional basis. In others such as engineering
or geology, a doctoral degree is considered
desirable but not essential for employment.
In a small but growing number of fields, the
doctorate is felt to injure employment prospects
by causing 'overqualification' for the job.
A doctor may, for example, be a physician,
psychologist, biomedical scientist, dentist,
or veterinarian.
Professional doctorates are many and varied,
including the Doctor of Audiology, Doctor
Educationis or Doctor of Education, Doctor
of Business Administration, Doctor of Pharmacy,
Doctor of Psychology, Doctor of Ministry,
Doctor of Speech-Language Pathology, Doctor
of Veterinary Medicine, Doctor of Musical
Arts or Artes Musicalis Doctor, Doctor of
Fine Arts, and so on. Many professional doctorates
have some research and other requirements
similar to the Ph.D., however, those doctorates
have limited academic standing in most American
academic institutions.
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